American Minute: Istanbul Pogrom
Constantinople was the capital of the eastern Roman Christian world since Emperor Constantine in three hundred thirty AD.
It was conquered by the Muslim Sultan Mehmet II on May 29, 1453.
In the fall of Constantinople, ems of thousands of Christians were raped, killed, enslaved, or deported.
The largest Christian church in the world for almost a thousand years, Hagai Sophia, was converted into a mosque.
Muslims covered the church’s four acres of beautiful Bible-themed gold mosaics with white wash and Qur’an verses, and surrounded the church with Islamic minarets.
The Turkish government has never suggested to give ownership of the church back to Christians.
Five centuries later, in 1930, Constantinople was renamed Istanbul, derived from the Greek name “stanbul” meaning “the city.”
In 1950, Adnan Menderes became Prime Minister of Turkey.
Adnan Menderes gave a speech supporting the come back of the Caliphate.
He re-opened thousands of mosques which had been closed down, brought back the Arabic language Islamic call to prayer, and encouraged Muslims to go after Islam more fundamentally.
Adnan Menderes’ government orchestrated a provocation whereby a Turkish University student was to place explosive charges in the Turkish Consulate and in the birthplace of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk in Thessaloniki, Greece.
The plan was to suck it up on SEPTEMBER Three, 1955, and blame it on the Greek Christian minority.
The bomb never went off, but the newspapers ran with the story anyway, inciting Muslims to jihad violence.
In just a few hours, Greek Christian neighborhoods in Istanbul were pillaged with thousands of shops, houses, churches, and graves demolished.
Like the “Kristall Nacht,” November 9, 1938, when Nazis in Germany and Austria smashed and vandalized Jewish stores and neighborhoods, the “Istanbul Pogrom” of September 6, 1955, spotted Turkish mobs lay waste to Greek homes, businesses, and churches in a mad madness that lasted for nine hours.
Greek women and youthful boys were targeted for public rape.
Turkish author Aziz Nesin witnessed Greek Christian fellows hammered and forcibly circumcised in the streets by marauders.
Sixteen Greek Orthodox clerics were killed.
Main targets of the Istanbul riots (By self [CC BY-SA Trio.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/Three.0)], via Wikimedia Commons)
Armenian and Jewish shops were ruined as Turkish police passively stood by, providing rioters space.
The destruction included over:
Four,348 Greek-owned businesses;
1,000 Greek homes;
Three monasteries; and
73 of the eighty one Greek Orthodox Churches in the city.
The World Council of Churches estimated the harm at over one hundred fifty million dollars.
The mob chanted “Massacre the Greek traitors” and “Down with Europe.”
In one church arson attack, Father Chrysanthos Mandas, was burned alive.
Greek cemeteries were desecrated with relics of saints burned or thrown to dogs.
Journalist of the London Daily Mail, Noel Barber, wrote September 14, 1955:
The church of Yedikule was utterly smashed, and one priest was dragged from bed, the hair ripped from his head, and the beard literally ripped from his chin …
Another old Greek priest in a house belonging to the church and who was too ill to be moved was left in bed, the house was set on fire and he was burned alive …
At the church of Yenikoy, a lovely spot on the edge of the Bosporus, a priest of seventy five was taken out into the street, stripped of every stitch of clothing, tied behind a car, and dragged through the streets.
They attempted to rip the hair of another priest, but failing that, they scalped him, as they did many others.
An eyewitness reporter for the London Sunday Times was Ian Fleming, who later became well-known for writing the James Bond detective stories.
Ian Fleming was covering the INTERPOL (International Police) Conference in Istanbul.
Ian Fleming’s column “The Excellent Riot of Istanbul,” printed September 11, 1955, described how “hatred ran through the streets like lava.” (Phillip Mansel, Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, 1453-1944, Harmondworth, U.K., Penquin, 1995, p. 425).
Ian Fleming reference the Istanbul riot as as background information in his James Bond spy novel, From Russia, With Love (1957).
The riots were reported in the Illustrated London News, Time Magazine, and Reader’s Digest, which described Istanbul as “a city gone mad.”
During the one thousand nine hundred fifty five Istanbul Pogrom, over 100,000 Greeks fled.
The discrimination continued, and in 1958, Turkish nationalist students campaigned for a accomplish boycott on all Greek businesses.
In 1964, the Turkish government deported 50,000 more Greeks.
Former Senator Al D’Amato (R, NY) (1981-99) (Public Domain)
In August of 1995, Senator Alfonse D’Amato (NY) introduced U.S. Senate Resolution one hundred sixty calling on President Bill Clinton to proclaim September six as a Day of Memory for the victims of the one thousand nine hundred fifty five Istanbul Pogrom. (104th Congress, U.S. House of Representatives, Library of Congress, 1995-07-08):
Whereas, in September 1955, there existed a Greek minority population of 100,000 in Istanbul, Turkey;
Whereas, on the night of September 6-7, 1955, a pogrom against the Greek community began in Istanbul;
Whereas anti-Greek rioters attacked, pillaged, gutted, and demolished more than Two,000 Greek homes, Four,200 Greek shops and stores, seventy three Greek Orthodox churches, fifty two Greek schools, eight Greek cemeteries, all three major Greek newspaper plants, and dozens of Greek factories, hotels, restaurants, and warehouses in Istanbul;
Whereas fifteen Greeks were killed in the pogrom or died subsequently, and thirty two were gravely injured;
Whereas as many as two hundred women were raped by rioters;
Whereas the United States Consul General in Istanbul reported that police stood idly by or cheered on the rioting mobs;
Whereas the State Department received confirmation of `elaborate advanced planning for widespread destruction of the property of the indigenous Greek community,’ involving careful preparations by many individuals;
Whereas American journalist Frederick Sondern, Jr., writing at the time for Readers Digest, described the events of that night as … one of the wildest eruptions of mob fury and hysteria in modern times … ‘;
Whereas homes of Greek officers stationed at NATO headquarters in the Turkish city of Izmir were also attacked and demolished;
Whereas rioters attacked and burned down the Greek Consulate in Izmir and the Greek Pavilion at the Izmir International festival;
Whereas Turkish authorities failed at the time to convict a single rioter, out of thousands, for any crime committed during the pogrom;
Whereas five years later, after a military coup in Turkey, the former Prime Minister and acting Foreign Minister at the time of the pogrom were charged with, and convicted of, numerous criminal deeds, including the instigation of the anti-Greek riots;
Whereas the pogrom marked the beginning of the end of the Greek community’s presence in Istanbul, numbering about Two,000 in 1995; and
Whereas September 6, one thousand nine hundred ninety five will mark the 40th Anniversary of the pogrom:
Now, therefore, be it Resolved, That it is the sense of the Senate that the President should—
(1) take all adequate steps to observe and commemorate the loss of life and property, and the numerous injuries and offenses, which took place during the pogrom by proclaiming September 6, one thousand nine hundred ninety five as a day of remembrance for the victims of these attacks; and
(Two) urge all Americans to honor the victims of the pogrom in the adequate manner.
As of 2006, only Five,000 mostly elderly Greek Christians remained in Istanbul, the former city of Constantinople—ancient capital of the Christian world.